Microplastics, small plastic particles measuring less than 5mm in size, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their widespread presence in various environmental compartments.

While their adverse impacts on marine ecosystems are well-documented, emerging research suggests potential health risks to humans.

Microplastics originate from a wide range of sources, including fragmentation of larger plastics, microbeads in personal care products, and industrial processes. They often contain various additives, such as plasticisers, flame retardants, and UV stabilisers.

These tiny particles can enter the human body through multiple pathways, including ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.

Once inside the body, microplastics can interact with various biological systems, potentially leading to pathological consequences.

How do microplastics get inside the body?

Ingestion

Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of microplastics in various food and beverages, such as seafood, salt, and drinking water. They are also in some toothpastes and other oral products.

Upon ingestion, microplastics can accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially causing physical irritation, inflammation, and alterations in gut microbes. Additionally, there is evidence suggesting that microplastics may act as carriers for other harmful substances, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which can be released in the body upon digestion.

Inhalation

Airborne microplastics have been detected in indoor and outdoor environments, raising concerns about respiratory exposure. Animal studies indicate that microplastics can induce lung inflammation via oxidative stress, and lung tissue damage. Further research is needed to determine the extent of these effects in humans and the long-term consequences on respiratory health.

Skin exposure

Microplastics are also present in personal care products, cosmetics, and textiles, which can lead to direct dermal exposure. Some studies suggest that these particles can penetrate the skin and disrupt its normal functions.

What are the potential health effects of microplastics?

Inflammation and tissue damage

Microplastics have been shown to induce inflammatory responses in various tissues and organs. Animal studies have demonstrated increased levels of oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines and cells, in the presence of microplastics.

Genes’ toxicity

There is a growing evidence that microplastics can induce genotoxic effects by causing DNA damage in human cells. These genetic alterations have the potential to disrupt normal cellular functions and increase the risk of mutations, potentially leading to the development of cancer or other genetic diseases.

Endocrine disruption

Microplastics may contain or adsorb endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, which can interfere with hormonal regulation in the body. EDCs have been linked to adverse reproductive and developmental effects in animal studies and some small human ones.

Nervous system toxicity

Emerging evidence suggests that microplastics have the potential to induce toxic neurological effects. Animal studies have shown that such an exposure can lead to disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity and alterations in “neurotransmitters” level, the molecules used in neural communication. These changes translate into behavioural changes and cognitive decline.

Immune dysfunction

Microplastics have the ability to interact with immune cells and modulate immunity response, potentially leading to immune system dysfunction. These dysregulations may have implications for the development and progression of various diseases.

Cardiovascular effects

Endothelial cells line the inner walls of blood vessels and play a crucial role in maintaining vascular health. Studies have suggested that microplastics can cause endothelial dysfunction, the hallmark of cardiovascular diseases, leading to impaired blood flow, increased blood pressure, and the development of atherosclerotic plaques.

Haematological effects

Microplastics may have the potential to induce or exacerbate clotting events. Animal studies have shown that exposure to certain types of microplastics can promote platelet activation and aggregation, and the formation of blood clots. These effects may increase the risk of heart attacks, lung clots or strokes.

What can be done to reduce microplastics adverse health effects?

Minimise the usage of single-use plastics

Opt for reusable alternatives like cloth bags, stainless steel water bottles, and glass food containers.

Avoid products with microbeads

Check ingredient labels to avoid personal care products that contain microbeads or opt for natural alternatives like sugar or salt scrubs.

Ensure proper disposal of plastic waste

Separate recyclable plastics from regular waste and dispose of them in designated recycling bins (not applied yet in Bermuda!).

Speak out

As an individual, encourage the development and implementation of effective government waste management systems, including recycling infrastructure and waste-to-energy technologies.

Install home water filtration systems

Use activated carbon or reverse osmosis filters to reduce microplastic levels in drinking water.

Water treatment facilities

Encourage the upgrade of water treatment facilities to incorporate advanced filtration systems capable of removing microplastics from drinking water sources.

Encourage innovation and sustainable alternatives

Promote the development of biodegradable or compostable materials as alternatives to conventional plastics.

Advocate

Advocate for stricter government regulations that limit the production and use of microplastics, particularly in consumer products.

Invest in research

Support scientific studies to improve our understanding of microplastics and their impacts on human health.

The above measures can contribute to the development of risk assessment frameworks and effective mitigation strategies against ubiquitous microplastics spread.

• Joe Yammine, MD is a consultant cardiologist at the Bermuda Hospitals Board. The information here is not intended as medical advice nor as a substitute for professional medical opinion. Always seek the advice of your physician.